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The Second Amendment (or Amendment II) gives the citizens of the United States to keep and bear arms and ensures that this right cannot be infringed by the Federal Government. It is an amendment made to the United States Constitution and is a part of the Bill of Rights.

Many law pundits consider the Second Amendment and rights it grants to the citizens to be one of the most controversial part of the Bill of Rights.

The Second Amendment states that:

"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed."

What does the Second Amendment mean?

The Second Amendment has been interpreted in the following ways:

1) The Civilian militia interpretation: According to this, the Second Amendment is no longer valid. It was intended to protect the militia system of that era and since that system no longer exists in our time, the Second Amendment is not valid today.

2) The individual rights interpretation: This interpretation holds that every citizen has the right to bear arms and the government cannot infringe on that right. The right to bear arms is of the same order as the right to freedom and free speech.

3) The median interpretation: The interpretation states that individual citizens have the right to bear arms, but this right has restrictions because the Second Amendment was written by taking the militia situation of that era into consideration.

Gun Safety: How to Use a Gun Safely

It is necessary to follow proper safety precautions while using a gun. A little neglect here and there can have very serious consequences like causing injury or even death. For this reason, care should be taken while using, cleaning and storing guns.

Never keep a gun loaded when not needed:

Load your gun only after you are well acquainted with the procedure. Loading the gun wrongly can cause the gun to malfunction and also cause injury. If you don't know how to load a gun properly, take the help of someone who are more experience. Additionally, you may also consider joining a gun club where they provide instructions of all aspects of guns.

Never keep the gun loaded during storage. Load the gun only when you are at the shooting range just before shooting. A loaded gun may get accidentally discharged and so keeping it unloaded will prevent it.

Never mix guns and alcohol:

Don't ever touch a gun when you are on alcohol or drugs. Alcohol, drugs and some prescriptions medications impair your senses and alter your behaviour and shooting in such a condition is not advisable. For this reason, never ever touch a gun while on alcohol or drugs.

It may be noted that carrying a firearm while on alcohol or drugs can be illegal and you may end up in jail.

Always keep the gun pointed away from people:

Always keep the gun pointed away in a safe direction. During storage or handling, never ever point it towards people. Guns may accidentally discharge. If by a matter of chance, the gun discharges, pointing it in a safe direction will prevent avoidable injury.

Maintain your gun properly:

Clean your gun regularly. If you don't know how to clean your gun, take a course on gun maintenance. Additionally, you may also consider taking your gun to a professional gunsmith on a regular basis for inspection.

Project Babylon - Saddam’s SupergunThroughout history, men have always searched for better ways to defeat their enemies. This is the same quest that has led to the creation of weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear bombs and bio-chemical agents. Project Babylon was one such attempt in the recent years to create long-range guns.Project Babylon was an unsuccessful project by the deceased Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein to construct superguns. These guns were to have a range of a several hundred miles. Details of the project are shrouded in mystery, but it can be speculated that these guns were to be built to intimidate Iraq’s enemies and to display Iraq’s industrial and military prowess to them.Building a supergun involves complex technology. The design for the guns was not completely indigenous and was based on an earlier project by the renowned Canadian gun expert Gerald Bull. Bull was the principal architect behind the design and deployment of the project. It is believed that there were plans for four different guns in the program.The first gun called “Baby Babylon” was a horizontally mounted prototype, built mainly for test purposes. It had a bore of 350 mm and measured 46 meters in length.The second part of the project named “Big Babylon” consisted of a pair of guns—one of which was to be mounted horizontally, initially for test purposes. The barrel was to be 156 meters in length and about 1 meter in bore. The complete device would have weighed about 2100 tons. It is believed that the gun was being planned as a space gun to shoot projectiles into the earth’s orbit. Using these guns for military purposes would have been very difficult because of the immense weight and immobility. In addition to these guns, very large cannons were also planned. These were planned to be made from special alloys discovered during the initial experiments and would have been very much mobile. The first of these guns was to have a bore 350 mm and a 30 meter long barrel. There are also reports that mention about a second gun with a much larger bore of 600 mm and a length of 60 meters.No one knows for sure what the exact motives behind these guns were. There is a possibility that the main gun might have been for both launching satellites and also as a defence weapon. However, the second option seems doubtful for a number of reasons. First, the gun was very heavy which would have made it difficult to aim and fire. The process would also be time consuming. Secondly, the firing of such a large gun would produce a distinct signature which could be used to identify its location. Since it was immobile, it would have been very easy for Iraq’s enemies to destroy it using fighter aircraft. Thirdly, Iraq already had Scud missiles at that time. Investing in missile technology would have been more profitable for Iraq’s defence forces.The various components required to build these superguns were designed and forged in various European countries and were shipped to Iraq disguised as petrochemical vessels. Baby Babylon was completed and tested which revealed some flaws in the design of the gun. However, while these were being rectified, Gerald Bull--the main architect—was murdered under mysterious circumstances—allegedly by Mossad agents. The demise of the project’s architect led to the subsequent failure of the project.Most of the sections for the guns were already delivered and it was at this time that some intelligence agencies in Europe became aware of the plans for the guns. Soon, some sections of the guns were seized at various ports and also directly from the manufacturers in Spain and Switzerland. Many of these sections are at display in various museums in the UK.During the Gulf War, the Project was completely stalled and following U.N. inspections, the remaining hardware was completely destroyed.

A bullet is a strong projectile that is usually made from metal to be propelled from a gun. The term “bullet” comes from the French word “boulette” which means “little ball”. The original musket bullet was spherical in shape. Bullets do not explode but cause damage to the target because of the high kinetic energy they possess. Bullets predate the modern firearms. In the beginning, bullets were made from stone or metal and propelled using a sling. After the advent of firearms, these were propelled by the explosion power of gunpowder. Over the next few centuries, bullets underwent little change—they remained the same spherical led balls with changes only in the dimensions.Conical bullets came into use in the first half of the nineteenth century. Initially, cone shaped bullets came with a hollow cavity in the rear which was fitted with an iron cap to aid the bullet to grip the rifling grooves of the barrel. Conical bullets were soon found to be more accurate as their flight was much steady.The modern bullet has its roots in the copper jacketed bullet that was invented by Major Rubin in 1883. Copper jacketed bullets could resist higher muzzle velocities as copper has higher melting point and durability when compared to lead. Bullets made of lead, when fired at higher muzzle velocities, tend to suffer surface damage and deformation.The next advance came in the form of the Spitzer bullet. Unlike other bullets of that time, this bullet has an aerodynamic shape which imparted it with higher ranges and accuracy. Spitzer bullets when used with machine guns enhanced the lethality of war manifold.The ultimate advance in bullet technology came with the development of the boat tail. The boat tail is a streamlined base for spitzer bullet that allows air to flow around the base of the bullet. This decreases the air-drag and makes the bullet very accurate in its trajectory. All the modern bullets are based on the same design albeit with slight modifications in design and material used to make them.A variety of materials are employed to make materials. Initially, lead was the metal of choice for casting bullets. Lead bullets were well suited for making bullets with low muzzle velocities. In addition, it was also cheap and easy to mould which made it ideal to make bullets. However, as the need for higher muzzle velocities was felt, better metals and materials had to be investigated. Copper jacketed bullets solved some of the problems associated with pure lead bullets. In addition to copper, other alloys of copper such as cupronickel were are also used to make bullets. The copper jacket, being much harder than lead, provides protection to the inner lead core. In some modern bullets, synthetic materials such as Nylon or Teflon may also be used as jacket material.In bullets designed for piercing armour other metals may also be employed in addition to lead and copper. Armour piercing bullets are commonly made by using very dense metals such as tungsten, steel or depleted uranium. Because of the high density of these metals, a high amount of kinetic energy gets imparted which penetrates even thick armour. Incendiary bullets, on the other hand, have an explosive material at the tip which explodes upon impact. These bullets are designed to ignite munitions or fuel in the target area.  Other special purpose bullets such as tracer bullets have chemical substances that produce a bright coloured light when ignited. Usually magnesium perchlorate and strontium salts are used to impart bright colour which gives the shooter an idea about the trajectory of the bullet.Bullets used for target practice and training may be made from materials such as rubber, plastics, wood and wax. Because of their low density and low speed, their effective range is very much limited. Rubber bullets may also be used in riot control and to subdue suspects without risking fatality. Blank rounds, on the other hand, do not have a bullet at all. Materials such as wax or paper are used to sustain pressure which produces noise to simulate a live bullet.What the bullets of the future will look like is a matter of conjuncture and imagination. However, it can be certainly predicted that the future bullets will not be just metal slugs but rather intelligent electronic devices that can change the trajectory in mid-flight. They may even be capable of hitting targets on their own in a “fire and forget mode” and may be even capable of evading obstacles in their path. Technological progress in the fields of computers and artificial intelligence may are sure to affect bullet technology of the future.

Gunpowder or black powder, as it is also called, is a chemical mixture of sulphur, carbon (charcoal) and potassium nitrate (saltpetre). It burns very rapidly and produces large volumes of hot gases and solids, making it very suitable for use as an explosive, propellant and pyrotechnic agent in crackers and fireworks. Generically, the term “gunpowder” may be used be refer to any propellant that is used in guns and other weapons. The traditional gunpowder is no longer used in modern guns. Modern firearms use newer propellants such as smokeless powder.In the classification of explosives, gunpowder is considered a low explosive. This is because of its slow decomposition rate which produces a subsonic deflagration instead of a supersonic detonation which is a characteristic feature of high explosives. The gases and solids produced by burning gunpowder are capable of only propelling the bullet and do not have higher explosive power. For this reason, other explosives such as TNT are commonly employed in applications such as rock shattering.The word “black powder” came into common use the 19th century. Today, it is used to refer to traditional gunpowder and to distinguish it from modern smokeless propellants. Smokeless powders produce larger amounts of gases and lower amounts of solids upon combustion, resulting in lower amounts of smoke. Black powder, on the other hand, produces more amounts of solids which produces a thick characteristic smoke. Because of certain disadvantages, it is no longer widely employed in modern guns.The history of gunpowder spans over many centuries. Gunpowder was invented in China around 1000 AD. It was most probably discovered by Taoist monks and alchemists as a result of their experiments in the search for the elixir of life. Traditional Chinese medicine often made use of saltpetre and sulphur in various combinations. This may be another source for the discovery of gunpowder. Whatever be its origins, after its initial discovery, it was used for warfare by the Chinese within a short period of time. A variety of weapons such as flamethrowers, bombs and rockets were used by the Chinese in their wars against their enemies. The precursors of modern firearms also have their roots in China.From the Chinese, the knowledge of gunpowder spread to different parts of the world. By the 13th century, it reached Japan, India, the Islamic world and Europe through the silk route and due to the Mongol invasion. The earliest use of gunpowder in the West was recorded by Roger Bacon in the 13th century. Initially, the use of gunpowder in warfare was met with resistance from the traditional feudal knights and Christian authorities. However by the 14th century it became widespread and even the Pope’s army began to use firearms.The 14th century saw the development of better gunpowder manufacturing techniques. Corning i.e. the process of adding liquids to the constituents and shaping the resulting paste of moistened powder into grains, was also developed the same century. The later centuries saw the rapid adoption of gunpowder across the countries of Europe. Technological progress in other fields such as metallurgy led to the creation of better and portable firearms and hand guns. Until the 17th and 18th centuries, black powder was popularly used in firearms.Today, black powder is no longer widely used. Because of disadvantages, it has been replaced with smokeless powder in modern weapons. Smokeless powder, as the name suggests, doesn’t produce much smoke upon combustion. In addition, it also burns cleaner and doesn’t cause fouling. It is also much safer to produce when compared with traditional black powder. Chemically, gunpowder consists of the following three chemicals:Sulphur: [10%] Sulphur acts a fuel and also decreases the ignition temperature. Additionally, it also acts as a catalyst and enhances the rate of combustion. Carbon (Charcoal): [15%] Charcoal provides carbon which acts as the main fuel in gunpowder. When carbon burns in the presence of oxygen, it produces carbon dioxide which acts as the expanding gas.Potassium Nitrate: [75%] Potassium nitrate is an oxidizing agent which supplies the oxygen required for the combustion of sulphur and carbon. In some types of gunpowder, potassium nitrate may be substituted with other types of oxidizing agents.The composition and manufacturing procedure of gunpowder was standardized in the year 1780. This standard stipulates 10% of sulphur, 15% of soft charcoal and 75% of potassium nitrate. However, the ratios can be changed depending on the purpose for which the resulting gunpowder may be used. In some types of gunpowder, different chemicals may also be used. For example, “blasting powder”, a special type of gunpowder that is employed to blast off rocks is made by substituting a portion of potassium nitrate with sodium nitrate.Among all the three constituents, potassium nitrate plays the most important role because it supplies oxygen which initiates the rapid combustion of charcoal and sulphur, the main fuels in the mixture. When gunpowder burns, the by-products cannot be determined with accuracy. The combustion process is also not a single step reaction. However, the end products can be determined and are found to consist of solids such as potassium carbonate, potassium, sulphide, potassium thiocyanate, etc. and gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and water among others.Though popularly used for many centuries prior to the invention of smokeless powder, gunpowder has certain disadvantages. When compared to modern smokeless powders, gunpowder has low energy density. In addition it also produces thick smoke which not only hinders aiming but also reveals the position of the shooter. Black powder also tends to produce a thick soot layer in the gun barrel. This soot is caustic in nature and can cause corrosion of the metal barrel. It can also cause the gun to get jammed. For this reason, guns using black powder have to be regularly cleaned. Poor maintenance of the gun can be lethal to the shooter.To overcome the disadvantages of gunpowder, smokeless powders were developed. These are nitrocellulose based and were developed from another explosive called “gun cotton”. There are three types of smokeless powder, namely: Cordite, Ballistite and Poudre B. Additionally, modern smokeless powders are also classified into two categories: Single base and double base powders. Single base powders contain nitrocellulose alone. On the other hand double base powders contain nitro-glycerine in addition to nitrocellulose. Stabilizers such as diphenylamine are also added as minor ingredients to improve the stability of the powder.Smokeless powders represent one of the major developments in firearms technology. They will continue to be used on a large scale for many years to come. However, newer technologies are being actively researched and in a few decades gunpowder based firearms may become completely obsolete to be replaced by better and far more accurate and lethal technology.

There are several types of guns available these days. Depending on their purpose, they are appropriately designed. Gun technology is constantly evolving. As time progresses, we will see newer and better types of guns with enhanced accuracy and stopping powers.Guns range from those capable of firing a single round to those that can fire thousands of rounds in a minute. This is the beauty of gun technology which combines multidisciplinary technologies with human ingenuity to give the kinds of weapons we find today.Here is a brief list of guns that are commonly in use today:Military guns:Long guns> Arquebus> Blunderbuss> MusketRifles> Lever action rifle> Bolt action rifle> Assault rifle> Battle rifle> Carbine> Service rifle> Sniper rifleShotguns> Combat shotgun> Semi-automatic shotgunMachine guns> Gatling gun> Mitrailleuse> General-purpose machine gun> Heavy machine gun> Light machine gun> Medium machine gun> Squad automatic weaponArtillery guns> Carronade> HowitzerTank guns> Tank gun> .50 BMGHunting guns:

> Elephant gun> Express rifle> Shotgun> Muzzleloader> BreechloaderGuns for training and entertainment:> Airsoft gun> BB gun> Paintball gun> Spud gun> Water gun

1.4 million years ago: The knife is invented in Ethiopia.400,000 BC: Spears made of stone are found in Germany.100,000 BC: Axes and lithic blades are invented in Africa and Near East.50,000 BC: The first bow is invented in Tunisia.15,000 BC: The boomerang is invented by Australian aboriginal tribes.8700 BC: Metal working is perfected in ancient Mesopotamia.6000 BC: The plough revolutionizes agriculture in Mesopotamia.5000 BC: The wheel and axe are in common use in Mesopotamia.2000 BC: The sickle sword is invented in Sumer. Iron is discovered in Anatolia, Caucasus and India and used to make iron swords.0 AD: The spoked wheel, swords and daggers are in widespread use in many cultures.1000 AD: The Chinese invent gunpowder. Gunpowder is invented by Chinese Taoist monks and alchemists in their search for the elixir of life.1232 AD: Gunpowder is attested in China. It is used to make rockets to be used as weapons.1364 AD: First attested use of firearms. The first firearm is a tube filled with gunpowder that is ignited using a smouldering wick. 1400 AD: Matchlock guns come into use. Matchlock guns are the first mechanically fired guns in which the mouldering wick is attached to a lever that ignited the gunpowder without any manual intervention.1509 AD: Wheel lock guns replace the popular matchlock guns. These guns feature a wheel which produces a spark that ignites the gunpowder in the gun.1550 AD: The Beretta family, traditionally making crossbows, switch to making firearms in Italy. 1630 AD: The flintlock gun comes into common use. It offers numerous advantages as it is completely automated—both the opening of the flash pan and ignition of the gunpowder are done mechanically.1718 AD:  The World’s first machine gun is patented by James Puckle.1825 AD: The percussion-cap gun is invented. The percussion-cap contains an explosive material which ignites upon impact which in turn ignites the gunpowder.1835 AD: Samuel Colt invents the Colt revolver. It is the first of the firearms to be mass produced. It is also the first multi-shot handgun.1850 AD: Shotguns are invented. These have low range buy have a high stopping power and are very lethal.1862 AD: The Gatling gun is invented. It has the capability to fire a then phenomenal 200 rounds per minute.1873 AD: The Winchester rifle is invented.1892 AD: Joseph Lauman invents an automatic handgun.1903 AD: The first automatic rifle is invented.1912 AD: The American army tests the first aeroplane mounted machine gun.1947 AD: The AK-47 is inducted into the Soviet Army. Designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov, it becomes most widely used assault rifle in the world.1954 AD: Israel Military Industries, a gun design company based in Israel, designs the Uzi Machine gun.1964 AD: The M16 rifle is adopted by the US Army. It is widely used in the Vietnam War and becomes one of the most widely used modern guns.1974 AD: The TASER is invented. It is devised as a means of bringing suspects under control without causing death.1994 AD: Metal Storm, an Australian company, specializing in ultra-modern gun technology is founded in Brisbane.

Since times immemorial, man has always been in search of means of protection—both from wild animals and from human enemies. This is the reason for his quest for weapons. The first weapons that man invented were nothing more than simple stones and sticks that could be hurled at the potential enemy. However, with technological progress and with the discovery of metals and smelting, this underwent gradual progress from the stone axe to the modern firearms we see today. This progress didn’t come about in a single step—it took centuries of experimentation through trial and error. However, in the last 150 years or so, rapid progress was made and newer and newer guns came into use—each one with better features and capabilities than the other. The earliest use of artificial weapons is attested in Ethiopia. Recent archaeological excavations discovered stone knives that have been dated to more than 1.4 million years from the present. In Germany, stone spears dating back to 400,000 BC have been found. Axes and lithic blades came into widespread use in Africa and the Near East by the year 100,000 BC. By the year 50,000 BC, the bow and arrow was discovered. This invention made hunting game very easy and eliminated the difficulties associated with hunting stone spears and axes. The boomerang was invented by the Australian aborigines by the year 15,000 BC.The next important advancement came in the 8th millennium BC in the form of metal working in ancient Mesopotamia. The discovery of metals such as copper and bronze made better tools, such as the plough and axe, possible. These tools led to the advancement of agriculture and paved the way for the expansion of cities and civilizations. By 5000 BC, the axe and wheel were commonly used in ancient Mesopotamia. The next advancement came is the form of the discovery of iron in Anatolia, the Caucasus and India. Iron is a more durable metal and this allowed for creation of more effective tools. By the beginning of the Christian era, iron swords and other related weapons were widely in use in many different civilizations across the world. The modern firearms we see today have their roots in China. Gunpowder, the main component that is used in firearms was discovered in China in the 10th century AD. It was discovered by Chinese monks and alchemists during their search for the elixir of life. After two centuries or so, it began to be used as a weapon in the form of rockets. A narrow tube was filled with it and ignited to hurl objects to cause injury to the opposing armies. Within a few centuries, gunpowder spread to Europe through trade contacts. Other peoples such as the Mongols made widespread use of gunpowder in their conquests and expeditions against other kingdoms. The early firearms were very simple in construction. It was very difficult and time-consuming to mobilize and use them. At the same time, they lacked precision and accuracy. Hitting a target was a matter of chance rather than that of marksmanship. However, they were still very successful and effective in deterring standing enemy armies.The disadvantages and clumsy nature of early firearms made it necessary to search for alternative design avenues and this lead to development of newer technologies. With the progress of time, the guns became smaller, more mobile and at the same time more accurate. They also became more automated. Examples of such developments include the match lock and wheel lock guns. The guns had a mechanical way of igniting the gunpowder which made firing the gun much easier.The next milestone in gun technology was the flintlock. Invented in the 1630s, the flintlock was completely automated and revolutionized the role of guns in warfare. The gun was very easy to load and fire and this made it a very popular weapon of choice in wars. However, the flintlock could fire only a single bullet at a time. Guns with the capability of firing multiple bullets without manual intervention had to wait for another century until James Puckle patented his machine gun. Guns at that time has to ignited either by using a spark or a smouldering wick. This posed a serious problem in moist conditions. This was overcome with the discovery of the percussion cap. The percussion cap contains a chemical substance that explodes upon impact. Thus by using a sealed percussion cap, guns could be used equally effectively even in moist conditions.After the invention of the percussion cap, small arms became more and popular. In 1835, Samuel Colt designed the Colt revolver. This was the first handgun ever to be mass produced. It was also the first handgun capable of firing multiple shots. After the success of the Colt revolver, several other companies also started manufacturing small arms and handguns. By the year 1850, the shotgun came into use. Unlike other guns, the shotgun doesn’t have a rifled barrel and because of this they neither have a good range nor precision. However, they have tremendous stopping power and hence are used even today by law enforcement agencies in many countries throughout the world.The next development was the invention of the Gatling gun. This gun was invented in 1862 and was the first gun capable of firing multiple rounds continuously. It was capable of firing 200 rounds in a minute. This firing rate was phenomenal at that time. However, it was very bulky and not easy to mobilize.The true rifle capable of automatic firing had to wait for 50 years more after the Gatling gun. By this time, the true potential of the guns in winning wars came to be realized and thus newer ways of using guns began to be researched. In one such experiment, the American army tested the first aeroplane mounted machine gun in the year 1912. This laid the foundations of air warfare. Most fighter aircraft in use today have a gun in their arsenal.When the world wars broke out, the search for better guns continued. The governments of the warring countries started investing lots of money and efforts into developing better guns and weapons. It was at this time that sniper rifles came into popular use. The world wars changed the way wars were fought. Newer strategies like trench warfare and guerrilla tactics made it necessary to identify and eliminate potential enemies from a distance. This is where sniper rifles proved to be useful. With their long range, accuracy and telescopic sights, sniper rifles were often employed to eliminate higher ranking military officers to demoralize the enemy. World War II saw the highest use of sniping tactics. In fact in Germany and the Soviet Union, special military units were created and schools were setup to train and improve sniper skills.After World War II, the world saw the emergence of two super powers: USA and the Soviet Union. Confrontations and conflicts between these two countries led to the Cold War which further led to the development of not just guns but also other weapons of mass destruction. The cold war affected almost every country in the world. The entire world split into two camps waiting for war with each other. This created a massive demand for weapons and led to the creation of a huge weapons industry. The Soviet Union and the USA were the major players that produced weapons on a massive scale and shipped them to third world countries.The Soviet AK-47 obviously triumphed in the weapons race. Its durability and low manufacturing costs made it possible to mass produce it and distribute it to almost all the countries that fell in the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. Even today, it is widely employed and is the standard weapon of choice in many countries in the world. The USA also sought for newer and better guns when it entered the Vietnam War. The older M14 proved to be ineffective in jungle warfare and thus was replaced with a smaller weapon—the M16. Today, this is standard rifle used by the United States Army.The direction in which gun technology is progressing is unpredictable. Laser guns and other fictional weapons have not yet been invented and found to be of any potential use. However, newer technologies are constantly being researched. Accuracy, reliability and lethal power are what are guiding the gun design and development industry.The guns of the future or the “ultra weapons” as they are known now will feature cutting edge technology and even artificial intelligence. As evident from today’s trends, they will be computerized and thus have pinpoint accuracy and precision. Several companies and organizations have already started research in the next generation guns. Once such company is Metal Storm—an Australian gun design company that specializes in ultra-modern gun technology. The guns produced by Metal Storm are powered by an electronically controlled ignition system which gives it the capability to fire millions of rounds in a minute. This is exactly what guns of the future will look like—deadly accurate and deadly lethal.